<p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">內(nèi)蒙古草原上，每年</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">7</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">月要舉行一次規(guī)模盛大的那達(dá)慕大會(huì)和祭祀敖包的活動(dòng)。敖包，蒙古語(yǔ)意為“堆”、“群”、眾多”的意思，是在丘陵、山岳上用石頭堆成的圓維形石堆。藏族稱其為“瑪尼堆”。祭敖包，是蒙古人表示敬仰大自然賜給的恩惠、祭天地日月和山神、土地神的重大節(jié)日。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">薩滿教崇尚萬(wàn)物有靈，每個(gè)靈物都有自己的神偶。敖包是眾神偶群聚之地，祭敖包，是對(duì)眾神偶的崇拜形式：蒙古人尊崇薩滿萬(wàn)物有靈的信念，虛誠(chéng)地從各處檢來(lái)石頭，用衣服兜著一塊塊地壘成敖包，表明擁有眾多的神靈。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">薩滿教賦一切神偶人的一切靈性，認(rèn)為神偶也需要吃、喝，也各有喜怒哀樂(lè)；定期祭祀敖包</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">向神靈供奉各種祭品，在薩滿率領(lǐng)下，圍繞著敖包跳古老的祭記舞，就是愉悅神靈的儀式。</span></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">明代以后，蒙古人開始信奉藏傳佛教，在堆積敖包時(shí)，首先請(qǐng)喇嘛來(lái)指點(diǎn)選擇方向、地址，再請(qǐng)喇嘛書寫藏文經(jīng)句、護(hù)符，將一些貴重的供奉物品裝在一個(gè)木盒里，一齊放在石堆中。然后，在石堆上插上樹枝或蓬窩，再掛上寫有藏文經(jīng)句的彩色布蝠。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">關(guān)于祭敖包的起源，蒙古人還有多種說(shuō)法。其一，認(rèn)為蒙古人在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)是從森林中走出來(lái)的，因懷念過(guò)去的山林，就堆積土石成山，上面插上樹枝、草木，以為森林；其二，認(rèn)為敖包中埋著蒙古族英雄祖先的遺骨，敖包是他們的墳?zāi)惯z跡，后人為表示對(duì)祖先的崇拜而進(jìn)行祭祀；其三，認(rèn)為敖包是蒙古部落或氏族的地方保護(hù)神，祭記敖包是表示對(duì)眾多神偶的尊奉；其四</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">繼承北方游獵民族崇尚大自然的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗，祭天、祭風(fēng)雨雷神、祭星、祭火、祭山、祭樹神和祭包等。另外，敖包（鄂博），也是劃分蒙古各部落、旗的界線與地域的標(biāo)志。</span></h3> <h3><br></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 40px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">蒙古人把敖包筑在牧區(qū)邊界或進(jìn)出要道路旁，就是作為牧地境界的標(biāo)記。向人們表明</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">牧地是和他們祖先的足跡緊緊聯(lián)系在一起的</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">牧區(qū)的邊界是神圣的。在曠野無(wú)邊的大草原上，極日平坦遼闊，四望天蒼蒼，野花茫，天地相連，在游牧交界之處，壘起石堆敖包為標(biāo)記，一是，表明這一區(qū)域是他們的生存空間；二是，向人們表明，這里是他們神圣的精神家園，是祭己山神、路神的地方。所以，他們用明確的標(biāo)志物來(lái)標(biāo)明它、敬崇它、不許外人隨意來(lái)裹續(xù)它、侵犯它。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">祭記敖包，多選擇在夏、秋水草豐盛，牛羊肥壯時(shí)進(jìn)行。祭祀非常隆重、肅穆、熱烈。參加祭教包的牧民們，全家老幼，坐著勒勒車，或騎上高頭大馬，從四面八方匯聚而來(lái)，把帶來(lái)的黃油、炸果子、牛奶、奶食品和奶酒（自酒）、肉食、奶食等祭品，擺放在敖包前供祭。</span></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">從前</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在隆重的祭己儀式開始前，喇嘛結(jié)隊(duì)吹奏宗教樂(lè)器、樂(lè)曲，列隊(duì)站在左邊，牧民群眾等站在右邊。主祭人大喇嘛穿上襲裳、法衣，戴著法帽，誦經(jīng)念咒，宣布祭祀開始，先由喇嘛樂(lè)隊(duì)吹響牛腿大號(hào)、猛擊法鼓，以驅(qū)除鬼魅、妖怪。接著參加祭記的人眾，跪拜祝福、祈禱，都高聲呼喊請(qǐng)神靈接受供奉祭品，同時(shí)祈禱神佛保佑，風(fēng)調(diào)雨順，國(guó)泰民安，吉祥如意，草原水草豐美，人畜興旺。最后，參加祭記的喇嘛、王公、貴族、達(dá)官和廣人牧民群眾，都圍著敖包自左向右轉(zhuǎn)三圈。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">倘若當(dāng)年遇到重大暴風(fēng)雪天災(zāi)或狼害時(shí)，祭記者還牽著牛、馬、羊、駱駝來(lái)，圍著點(diǎn)燃的舞火堆轉(zhuǎn)一圈，或把自家當(dāng)年生下的小牛、馬駒、羊羔作為供物，將其“放牲”于曠野，不再牽回家，作為向天地自然界神靈的奉獻(xiàn)。這是繼承了古代薩滿教的遺風(fēng)。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">祭祀活動(dòng)分為血祭、酒祭、火祭、玉祭等四種。血祭，是在敖包前請(qǐng)喇嘛念經(jīng)，宰殺牛、羊；酒祭，將白酒、鮮奶和奶酒等祭品一同供奉在敖包前；火祭，在敖包前點(diǎn)燃干樹枝或干牛、馬、羊糞的簧火堆；玉祭，將一件或數(shù)件古代玉器，供奉在敖包前。無(wú)論何種祭祀形式，祭記敖包的前三天，先由主祭者將盛滿奶茶的一把銅茶壺和炒米、酥油、奶食品及幾枚硬幣，擺設(shè)在敖包前，做為供品。</span></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 30px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">今天隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，廣大蒙古牧民科學(xué)、文化水平的提高，祭敖包只是作為傳統(tǒng)文化習(xí)俗的沿襲，逐漸減少了迷信活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容。祭禮儀式結(jié)束后</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">還要舉行傳統(tǒng)的賽馬、射箭、摔跤和唱歌、舞蹈等民族體育、文藝活動(dòng)。蒙古族青年男女，借此機(jī)會(huì)相識(shí)交</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">結(jié)，談情說(shuō)愛(ài)，或相約下次再相會(huì)，傾訴衷情。祭敖包活動(dòng)</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋體; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">成為蒙古族民間最富民族風(fēng)俗情趣的文化活動(dòng)。</span></h3> <h3><br></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋體; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 30px; white-space: normal;">當(dāng)夜幕降臨時(shí)，夜霧好似輕輕柔紗籠罩在草原上，悠揚(yáng)動(dòng)聽(tīng)的馬頭琴、火不思等蒙古民間樂(lè)器聲，在草原上飄蕩；人們圍坐篝火旁，一邊品味著香甜的奶茶，一邊盡情地跳舞、唱歌、通宵達(dá)旦。</span><br></h3>