河灣苗學(xué)研究院成立初期，為了給步入研究院的人們了解苗族五千多年的歷史，就在研究院中的苗族博物館里，用文字和圖片的方式，對(duì)苗族歷史作了簡(jiǎn)略的介紹。 <h5 style="text-align: center;"><i>良渚文化出土的饕餮紋即蚩尤紋</i></h5><div><i><br></i></div><h3>作者：楊培德(貴州河灣苗學(xué)研究院院長(zhǎng)）<div><p>翻譯：蔡潔（美國(guó)華僑）</p>圖片：安紅（苗族博物館館長(zhǎng)）<br></div><div><br></div></h3><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b>苗族簡(jiǎn)史</b></h1><div>距今五千多年前的上古時(shí)期，生活在長(zhǎng)江三角洲環(huán)太湖地區(qū)的九黎古國(guó)（即當(dāng)今良渚文化考古遺存）是苗族先民。蚩尤是其天子，《尚書. 呂刑》注說：“九黎之君，號(hào)曰蚩尤?！薄妒酚? 五帝本紀(jì)》集解記載說：“蚩尤，古天子?！睆牧间疚幕衿魃系镊吟鸭y可看到，蚩尤九黎國(guó)的神徽就是饕餮。<br></div> <h5 style="text-align: center;"><i>苗族人文始祖蚩尤神像</i></h5><div><i><br></i></div>蚩尤九黎國(guó)強(qiáng)大后北上占領(lǐng)東夷（今山東一帶）《逸周書?嘗麥篇》對(duì)此有記載：“昔天之初，……命蚩尤宇于少昊，以臨四方?！辈粩鄰?qiáng)大的蚩尤九黎繼續(xù)北上發(fā)展，與由西向東發(fā)展的炎帝和黃帝古國(guó)交匯于燕山涿鹿地區(qū)。這一時(shí)期的蚩尤九黎有八大創(chuàng)造：水稻種植、金屬冶煉、金屬兵器制造、刑法創(chuàng)造、設(shè)立宗教、開創(chuàng)兵法、掌握歷法、運(yùn)用醫(yī)藥。 <br> <h5 style="text-align: center;"><i>河北涿鹿大戰(zhàn)示意圖</i></h5><div><i><br></i></div>蚩尤九黎為了與黃帝炎帝爭(zhēng)奪資源，在中原涿鹿地區(qū)發(fā)生長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，《太平御覽》記載說：“黃帝與蚩尤九戰(zhàn)九不勝?！薄肚f子雜篇》說：“黃帝不能致德，與蚩尤戰(zhàn)于涿鹿之野，血流百里?！焙髞睃S帝用水攻，打敗了蚩尤九黎，蚩尤被殺。九黎國(guó)從此逐漸退出中原，遷徙到長(zhǎng)江中游的環(huán)洞庭湖地區(qū)，建立了三苗國(guó)?！秶?guó)語. 楚語》記載說：“其后三苗復(fù)九黎之德?！比鐕?guó)在與中原的堯、舜、禹相處中不斷發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。禹與三苗國(guó)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)最為慘烈，《論衡》說：“三苗之亡，五谷變種，鬼哭于郊?！?lt;br> 三苗國(guó)失敗后，苗族分三大支遷徙，一支往西北的甘肅一帶然后南下，經(jīng)過川西到貴州西部烏蒙山區(qū)，一支遷洞庭湖荊州一帶綿延至武陵山區(qū)，另一支遷至黔東南的月亮山和雷公山區(qū)。<br>苗族最早遷入貴州是春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期。苗族亞魯王帶領(lǐng)苗人最早在黔中建立格洛格桑城（即貴陽古代城池），所以民間一直稱貴陽為“老苗城”。<br>在荊州一帶的苗族，被漢文文獻(xiàn)稱為“荊蠻”，商周時(shí)期“荊蠻”被討伐，《今本竹書紀(jì)年》說：“方叔帥師伐荊蠻”。<br>春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代，楚族與苗族共建楚國(guó)，《國(guó)語. 晉語》記載這一歷史說：“昔成王盟諸侯于岐陽，楚為荊蠻?！鼻貪h至元、明、清，苗族分布很廣，已經(jīng)遍及武陵五溪相鄰的現(xiàn)今鄂西、渝南、黔東北、黔東南、黔中以及黔西北大片地區(qū)。<br><br> 苗族在遷徙中形成兩大聚居區(qū)，一個(gè)是湘西臘爾山區(qū)，另一個(gè)是黔東南的雷公山區(qū)。這兩大山區(qū)一直獨(dú)立自主，被封建王朝稱為“生苗”地區(qū)。到了清代，清王朝對(duì)這兩個(gè)地區(qū)進(jìn)行了三次大的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。第一次是雍正乾隆年間對(duì)雷公山地區(qū)征剿，苗人死亡30萬。第二次是乾隆嘉慶年間對(duì)臘爾山地區(qū)征剿，苗人死亡40萬。第三次是咸豐同治年間，清王朝與張秀眉領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黔東南苗族的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)18年，苗人死亡100萬。陶新春領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黔西北苗族與清王朝的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)12年，苗族人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中共死亡近150萬。<br>苗族在清末參加民國(guó)的建立，在抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，大批苗人參與抗戰(zhàn)，成建制的三個(gè)苗族師在幾次大的會(huì)戰(zhàn)中全部犧牲。在解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，在共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，成立不少地下游擊隊(duì)，迎接解放軍，迎接新中國(guó)的成立。<br> 英文版<div><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b>A Brief History of Hmong</b></h1>About five thousand years ago, a group people lived at what is now the Tai lake rimbeside the Yangzi River. In ancient times, it was the Jiuli Kingdom. Its ancient<br>archaeological remains provide insight for what is today’s Liangzhu culture. They were the ancestors of Hmong. Chiyou was the ancient king of the Jiuli Kingdom, as noted in the book of 《Shangshu-LuXing》(《尚書。呂刑》)as well as in the book of 《Shiji-WuDi BenJi》(《史記。五帝本記》). Just like the jade patterns discovered in Liangzhu culture, Taotie was the emblem of the Totem-God for Chiyou Jiuli Kingdom. When Chiyou Jiuli kingdom became powerful, they marched north and conquered Dongyi (today’s Shandong province). In the book of 《Yizhou Shu-ChangMai Pian》）(《逸周書。嘗麥篇》) , it was said, “At the beginning of the civilization, …, heaven’s son, Chiyou, lived at Shaohao, over looking the east, south, west, and north.” When Chiyou’s Jiuli continued to grow power, he led his people and explored further to the north. At the region of Yanshan Zhuolu, they met the two kingdoms of Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang who were expanding the territories from west to east. At that time,Chiyou’s kingdom had created eight innovations: cultivating rice, smelting metal,<br>manufacturing weapons, developing criminal law, establishing religion, mastering the calendar, and applying medicine.In order to compete for natural resources, Chiyou and Emperor Yan and Huang started a long-term war at the central plains of Zhuolu area. The book of 《Tai Ping Yu Lan》(《太平御覽》) said, “Emperor Huang could not defeat Chiyou after nine battles.”<br>Chiyou’s troops were eventually defeated when Emperor Huang applied water-flooding strategy. Chiyou were killed during that battle. Jiuli Kingdom then gradually treated from the central plain and migrated to the midstream region of the Yangzi River at around today’s Dongting Lake, where they developed the “Three Miao Kingdom”. The people of the Three Miao Kingdom continued the virtue practices from Chiyou Jiuli. The Three Miao Kingdom continued to have conflicts and battles with the descendants of Emperor Yan and Huang. Among the battles with Emperor Yao, Shun, and Yu, the battles with Emperor Yu were the most tragic ones, which defeated Three Miao Kingdom completely. In the book of 《Lun Heng》 (《論衡》), it described that “ When the Three Miao Kingdom perished, field crops mutated and suburban ghosts cried.”<br>After their defeat, the Miao divided into three branches. One branch migrated toward the northwest to the area of today’s Gansu province, and then to the south, passing the western Sichuan province, to the Wumeng Mountain in the west of Guizhou province.Another branch migrated to Jinzhou at Dongting Lake and spread into the Wuling Mountain. Still another branch migrated to the Moon Mountain and the Leigong Mountain in the southeast of Guizhou province. The earliest time when Miao migrated into Guizhou province could be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Warring States period. Miao’s Yalu King lead the people, who developed a city of Geluogesang at the center of Guizhou province, which is the ancient city for today’s Guiyang. Because of this, Guiyang was also known as “Lao Miao Cheng” which means “the ancient Miao city”. On the other hand, the Miao people who migrated to Jingzhou were derogatively called “Jing Man” which means “the uncivilized people”. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, “Jing Man” was crusaded by a Zhou officer, Fangshu, which was recorded in the book of《Today’s Bamboo Booklet of The Year of Chronicles》(《今本?書紀(jì)年<br>》, “?叔帥師伐荊蠻。”)</div> During the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, Chu and Miao built the Chu<br>Kingdom together, which was recorded in the book of 《Nation Words-Jin Words》(《國(guó)語.晉語》), “昔成王盟諸侯于岐陽，楚為荊蠻?！? It stated that Chu was built by the “Jing Man” Miao people. Through the dynasties from Qin to Han, Yuan, Ming, and Qing, Miao residents had spread widely far and near around the Wuling Five Creeks,which were the regions of today’s west of Hubei, south of Chongqing, northeast of Guizhou, southeast of Guizhou and the majority of northwest of Guizhou.<br><br><br>The migrating Miao people formed two large residential areas; one was in the Laer Mountain of western Hunan, the other was in the Leigong Mountain of southeast Guizhou. The two mountainous areas had been always independent and autonomous and were known as the area for “Original Miao” by the feudal dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, the government launched three major wars toward the two regions. The first war that occurred during time of Emperor Yongzheng & Qianlong at the Leigong region resulted in 300,000 deaths of Miao people. The second war that occurred during the time of Emperor Qianlong & Jiaqing at the Laer Mountain resulted in 400,000 deaths of Miao people. The third war occurred during the time of Emperor Xianfeng & Tongzhi,During this time, the battles that Zhang Xiumei led at the southeast of Guizhou lasted eighteen years and led to 1,000,000 deaths of Miao people, the battles that Tao Xinchun led at northwest Guizhou lasted twelve years and led to the deaths of 1,500,000 Miao people.<br>Miao was involved in establishing The Republic of China during the late Qing Dynasty.During the Anti-Japan War, a large number of Miao people participated and three divisions lost soldiers in the total sacrifice at several major battles. Miao people set up a lot of underground guerrillas under the leadership of the Communist Party during the war of liberation, looking forward to meeting the People's Liberation Army and the establishment of New China.