<p>1.字母:26個(gè)字母的大小寫(xiě)</p><p><br></p><p>ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ</p><p><br></p><p>abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2.語(yǔ)音:元音的發(fā)音</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>五個(gè)元音字母:AEIOU</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>12個(gè)單元音: </p><p><br></p><p>前元音:[i:] [?] /e/ [?]</p><p><br></p><p>中元音:[?:] [?]</p><p><br></p><p>后元音:[ɑ:] [?] [?:] [u :] [?] [?] </p><p><br></p><p>雙元音(8個(gè))</p><p><br></p><p>合口雙元音(5個(gè))[ai] [ei] [au] [?u] [?i]</p><p><br></p><p>集中雙元音(3個(gè)) [i?][ε?][u?]</p> <p>3.詞匯:詞匯量,近反義詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>4.句子:大小寫(xiě),標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>語(yǔ)法知識(shí)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>一.名詞:名詞單復(fù)數(shù),名詞的格</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(一)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>一般情況,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>以“f或fe”結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice</p><p><br></p><p>child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(二)名詞的格</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>有生命的東西的名詞所有格:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>a) 單數(shù)后加's 如: Lucy's ruler my father's shirt</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>b) 以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加'如: his friends' bags</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>c) 不以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加's children's shoes</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>并列名詞中,如果把's加在最后一個(gè)名詞后,表示共有, 如:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>Tom and Mike's car 湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車(chē)</p><p><br></p><p>要表示所有物不是共有的,應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加's</p><p><br></p><p>Tom's and Mike's cars 湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車(chē)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(2)表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞通常用“ of +名詞”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系:如:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>a picture of the classroom a map of China</p> <p>二.冠詞:不定冠詞,定冠詞種類(lèi):</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(1)不定冠詞:a / an a unit / an uncle</p><p><br></p><p>元音開(kāi)頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an :</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(2)定冠詞:the the egg the plane</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2. 用法:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>定冠詞的用法:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>復(fù)述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>談話(huà)雙方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>在序數(shù)詞前:John’s birthday is February the second.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>用于固定詞組中:in the morning / afternoon / evening</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>不用冠詞的情況:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>專(zhuān)有名詞前:China is a big country.</p><p><br></p><p>名詞前有定語(yǔ):this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:</p><p><br></p><p>This is my baseball.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類(lèi)人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>在節(jié)日,日期,月份,季節(jié)前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.</p><p><br></p><p>球類(lèi) 棋類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>* 但樂(lè)器前要用定冠詞:I play the guitar very well.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>學(xué)科名稱(chēng)前:My favorite subject is music.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>在稱(chēng)呼或頭銜的名詞前:This is Mr Li.</p><p><br></p><p>固定詞組中:at noon at night by bus</p> <p>三、代詞、形容詞、副詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>代詞:人稱(chēng)代詞,物主代詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>人稱(chēng)代詞物主代詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>主格賓格</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>第一</p><p><br></p><p>人稱(chēng)單數(shù)I(我)memy(我的)</p><p><br></p><p>復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)usour(我們的)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>第二</p><p><br></p><p>人稱(chēng)單數(shù)you(你)youyour(你的)</p><p><br></p><p>復(fù)數(shù)you(你們)youyour(你們的)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>第三</p><p><br></p><p>人稱(chēng)單數(shù)he(他)himhis(他的)</p><p><br></p><p>she(她)herher(她的)</p><p><br></p><p>it(它)itits(它的)</p><p><br></p><p>復(fù)數(shù)they(他們/她們/它們)themtheir(他們的/她們的/它們的)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>形容詞,副詞:比較級(jí),最高級(jí)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(一)、形容詞的比較級(jí)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1、形容詞比較級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用:兩個(gè)事物或人的比較用比較級(jí),比較級(jí)后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級(jí)前面可以用more, a little來(lái)修飾表示程度。than后的人稱(chēng)代詞用主格(口語(yǔ)中可用賓格)。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2.形容詞加er的規(guī)則:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>一般在詞尾加er ;</p><p><br></p><p>以字母e 結(jié)尾,加r ;</p><p><br></p><p>以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母,再加er ;</p><p><br></p><p>以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,先把y變i,再加er 。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>3.不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí):</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>good-better, beautiful-more beautiful</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(二)副詞的比較級(jí)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1.形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形,有形用be;有動(dòng)用副,有副用動(dòng))</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動(dòng)詞之后</p><p><br></p><p>⑵副詞在句子中最常見(jiàn)的是處于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之后</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2.副詞比較級(jí)的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級(jí)相同(不規(guī)則變化:well-better, far-farther)</p> <p>四、數(shù)詞:基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(1)1-20</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(2)21-99 先說(shuō)“幾十”,再說(shuō)“幾”,中間加連字符。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(3)101—999先說(shuō)“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù);</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(4)l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)“,”,第一個(gè)“,”前為thousand.第二個(gè)“,”前為million,第三個(gè)“,”前為billion</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1,001→one thousand and one</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion</p><p><br></p><p> </p> <p>序數(shù)詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(2)不規(guī)則變化</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變y為ie再加th</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個(gè)位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序數(shù)詞的口訣:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上-th.</p><p><br></p><p>一,二,三,特殊記,詞尾字母t,d,d.</p><p><br></p><p>八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。</p><p><br></p><p>ty將y變成i,th前面有個(gè)e.</p><p><br></p><p>若是碰到幾十幾,前用基來(lái)后用序。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>五、介詞:常用介詞:in, on, at, behind等</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1.at表示時(shí)間概念的某一個(gè)點(diǎn)。(在某時(shí)刻、時(shí)間、階段等)。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一點(diǎn)鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2.on</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1)表示具體日期。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>注:(1)關(guān)于"在周末"的幾種表示法:</p><p><br></p><p>at(on)the weekend在周末---特指</p><p><br></p><p>at(on)weekends在周末---泛指</p><p><br></p><p>over the weekend在整個(gè)周末</p><p><br></p><p>during the weekend在周末期間</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(2)在圣誕節(jié),應(yīng)說(shuō)at Christmas?而不說(shuō)on Christmas?</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2)在(剛……)的時(shí)候。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>On reaching the city he called up his parents.</p><p><br></p><p>一到城里他就給父母打了一個(gè)電話(huà)。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>3.in</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1)表示"時(shí)段"、"時(shí)期",在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換,前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀(jì))</p> <p>六、動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞的四種時(shí)態(tài):</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1. be動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一個(gè)男孩。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2. 行為動(dòng)詞:主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如:We study English. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)(he, she, it)時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語(yǔ)。</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>動(dòng)詞+s的變化規(guī)則</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>2.以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:study-studies</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí):</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式詳解 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>A、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>① 一般直接在動(dòng)詞的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited</p><p><br></p><p>② 以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加d:如 lived , danced , used</p><p><br></p><p>③ 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞要改y為i再加ed(此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞較少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類(lèi))</p><p><br></p><p>④ 雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母(此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞較少)如 stopped</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>B、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(此類(lèi)詞并無(wú)規(guī)則,須熟記)小學(xué)階段要記住以下動(dòng)詞的原形和過(guò)去式:</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>sing – sang , eat – ate ,</p><p><br></p><p>see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,</p><p><br></p><p>are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí):</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>基本結(jié)構(gòu):</p><p><br></p><p>①be going to + do;</p><p><br></p><p>②will+ do. be going to = will</p><p><br></p><p>I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): am,is,are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p><br></p><p>動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解 動(dòng)詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則:</p><p><br></p><p>① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating</p><p><br></p><p>② 以e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing</p><p><br></p><p>③ 雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母的(此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞極少)有:running , swimming , sitting 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