（二）史詩英雄是渣男<br><br>荷馬曾經(jīng)提到，古希臘的戰(zhàn)士在打仗前用香芹來喂戰(zhàn)馬，馬兒食用香芹后體力和精力大增，可以跑得更快。<br> 荷馬的《奧德賽》第五卷中，香芹生長在女神卡呂普索（Calypso）居住的奧杰吉厄島（Ogygia）。這個島是虛構(gòu)的，像個美妙的仙境，被限制在那里的女神卡呂普索所受到的懲罰就是：命運(yùn)女神每過一段時間就送一個需要幫助的英雄，卡呂普索每次都陷入愛河，但送來的英雄都不可能留下。 她救了不幸沉船的奧德修斯（（Odysseus），與他在島上過著天堂一般的生活，用魔力誘惑他，還為他生了一個兒子。他們一起生活了七年，可奧德修斯一心想離開，回到妻子的身邊?？▍纹账飨氡M一切辦法留住他，最后雅典娜女神看不下去了，到宙斯那兒告狀，要求他干預(yù)。宙斯給赫爾墨斯下了命令?，F(xiàn)將部分詩文翻譯如下： (卡呂普索與奧德修斯） “宙斯說罷。他的信使，殺死百眼巨人阿爾戈斯的赫爾墨斯<br>謹(jǐn)遵不違。他立刻系好那雙可愛的永不過時的<br>金色涼鞋的鞋帶，穿著它們，快如暴風(fēng)，<br>跨過海洋和無邊無際的土地。<br>他拿著蛇杖，只要他愿意，<br>可讓任何一個人閉眼或睜眼。<br>手握這根蛇杖，殺死阿爾戈斯的威武的赫爾墨斯<br>飛奔而去- 在皮埃里亞上空飛速前進(jìn)，<br>然后從高空躍入大海，<br>疾馳于波浪中，像魚鷹一樣<br>在危險的海灣的水面下捕魚，<br>濃密的羽毛被海水打濕 – 赫爾墨斯在波峰里如是穿行。<br>當(dāng)他到達(dá)那座遙遠(yuǎn)的島嶼時，站了起來，<br>踏出藍(lán)紫色的海面，走向陸地，<br>來到一個巨大的巖洞里，那是<br>金發(fā)女神卡呂普索的家。他在那兒找到她，<br>爐膛里燃著熊熊柴火，<br>劈開的雪松和燃燒的檀香木的香氣，<br>彌漫在整座島嶼。卡呂普索用迷人的嗓音<br>在巖洞里唱著歌，走來走去，<br>在布機(jī)前，她用一支金梭在紡織。<br>洞穴內(nèi)開花的樹環(huán)繞在她四周，還有榿木，<br>白楊和芳香的柏樹，長著修長翅膀的鳥在樹上筑巢，<br>有貓頭鷹，鷹和嘰嘰喳喳的海鳥<br>在水上消磨時間。洞穴的四周爬滿<br>成熟的青藤，上面掛著串串葡萄。<br>四口泉水成排挨連，<br>朝著不同的方向流出清澈的水，<br>四周柔軟的草地上滿是<br>盛開的嫩紫香堇和香芹。即使<br>永生的神來到此地，也會贊賞<br>此情此景，內(nèi)心充滿愉悅。 <br>阿爾戈斯的殺手，神的信使，站在那兒，<br>驚嘆于奇景。但他<br>飽覽了所有美妙的景象后，<br>走進(jìn)了寬敞的洞穴。可愛的女神卡呂普索<br>一眼望見，馬上認(rèn)出他來。<br>眾神能夠互相辨識，<br>即使一些仙人的家可能相隔遙遠(yuǎn)。<br>但是赫爾墨斯沒有在洞穴里找到奧德修斯-<br>那個高尚勇敢的男人正坐在沙灘上哀嘆，<br>和以前一樣，心碎流淚痛苦低吟，<br>當(dāng)他望著不平靜的海洋時，充滿了悲傷，<br>淚流滿面。”<br> （卡呂普索與奧德修斯） （Once Zeus finished speaking. The killer of Argus,<br>his messenger, obeyed him. At once he laced up<br>on his feet those lovely golden ageless sandals<br>which carry him as fast as stormy blasts of wind<br>across the ocean seas and boundless tracts of land. <br>He took with him the wand he uses to put to sleep<br>or wake up the eyes of anyone he chooses. <br>With this in hand, the mighty killer of Argus<br>flew away—speeding high above Pieria,<br>then leaping from the upper sky down to the sea. <br>Across the waves he raced, just like a cormorant,<br>a bird which hunts for fish down in the perilous gulfs<br>below the restless sea, soaking his thick plumage<br>in the brine—that how Hermes rode the crowded waves.<br>But when he reached the distant island, he rose up, <br>above the violet sea, and moved in onshore,<br>until he came to an enormous cave, the home<br>of the fair-haired nymph Calypso. He found her there,<br>a huge fire blazing in her hearth—from far away<br>the smell of split cedar and burning sandal wood <br>spread across the island. With her enchanting voice<br>Calypso sang inside the cave, as she moved round<br>back and forth, before her loom—she was weaving<br>with a golden shuttle. All around her in the cave<br>trees were in bloom, alder and sweet-smelling cypress, <br>and poplar, too, with long-winged birds nesting in them—<br>owls, hawks, and chattering sea crows, who spend their time<br>out on the water. A garden vine, fully ripe<br>and loaded with rich grapes, trailed through the hollow cave.<br>From four fountains, close to each other in a row, <br>clear water streamed out in various directions,<br>and all around soft meadows spread out in full bloom<br>with fresh violets and parsley. Even a god,<br>who lives forever, coming there, would be amazed<br>to gaze at it, and his heart would fill with pleasure. <br>The killer of Argus, god’s messenger, stood there,<br>marvelling at the sight. But after his spirit<br>had contemplated all these things with wonder,<br>he went inside the spacious cave. And Calypso,<br>that lovely goddess, when she saw him face to face,<br>was not ignorant of who he was, for the gods<br>are not unknown to one another, even though<br>the home of some immortal might be far away. <br><br>But Hermes did not find Odysseus in the cave—<br>that great-hearted man sat lamenting on the shore, <br>just as before, breaking his heart with tears and groans,<br>full of sorrow, as he looked out on the restless sea<br>and wept.）<br><br>（注：詩文中的Argus即百眼巨人，有一百只眼，這些眼睛遍布渾身上下，即便在睡著的時候，也有兩只眼始終警惕地睜著。赫爾墨斯誘其入睡并割下他的頭顱，宙斯之妻赫拉把他的眼睛剜出，安在孔雀的尾部，所以孔雀才會有如此美麗的尾巴。）<br> （卡呂普索與奧德修斯） 當(dāng)赫爾墨斯當(dāng)著卡呂普索的面宣布宙斯的命令時，女神狂怒，對男神們隨意與凡間女子發(fā)生關(guān)系、卻限制女神與凡間男子的交往表示了強(qiáng)烈的不滿。荷馬是這樣描述的：<br><br>“赫爾墨斯說完這番話，可愛的女神卡呂普索<br>渾身顫抖，開口答他- 用長了翅膀的言語：<br>‘你們這些男神殘酷，無比嫉妒- <br>比任何的生靈都善妒。你們不樂意<br>女神和凡間男子交往，<br>并帶他們上床。當(dāng)擁有玫瑰色手指的黎明女神<br>選配了俄里翁，你們這些生活得悠閑自在的男神嫉妒她，<br>直到享用金寶座的圣潔的阿耳忒彌斯<br>來到奧提伽，用她的溫柔羽箭<br>射死了他。同樣的，<br>當(dāng)金發(fā)的得墨忒耳在激情驅(qū)使下，<br>與伊阿西翁在耕過三次的田里<br>做愛，宙斯很快聽說此事，<br>扔出閃亮的霹靂<br>把他炸死。<br>現(xiàn)在你們這些男神又嫉妒了，<br>因?yàn)橐粋€凡間男人與我同居。<br>是我救了他，當(dāng)他孤立無援，獨(dú)自騎在船的龍骨上-<br>他的快船被宙斯熊熊的閃電擊毀了，<br>在酒綠色的海中央，<br>他的所有勇敢的同伴葬身海底，<br>風(fēng)浪把他送到了這里。<br>這是一個我珍惜和愛護(hù)的男人，<br>我會讓他長生不老，<br>在未來所有的日子里永恒不滅。<br>然而沒有一個神靈可以改變<br>或取消宙斯的計劃，<br>讓他在動蕩不安的海上航行吧，<br>如果這是宙斯的意愿和命令。<br>而我無法護(hù)送他離開這里，<br>我既沒有帶槳的海船，<br>也沒有什么伙伴幫他跨越寬闊的海面，<br>但我會給他真誠的建議，<br>絕無保留，使他平平安安，<br>回到自己的家園。’”<br><br>（Hermes finished. Calypso, the lovely goddess,<br>trembled as she replied to him—her words had wings:<br>“The gods are cruel and far too jealous—<br>more so than others. They are unhappy<br>if goddesses make mortal men their partners,<br>taking them to bed for sex. That’s how it was <br>when rose-fingered Dawn wanted Orion— <br>you gods that live at ease were jealous of her,<br>until golden-throned sacred Artemis<br>came to Ortygia and murdered him <br>with her gentle arrows. In the same way,<br>when fair-haired Demeter was overcome<br>with passion and had sex with Iasion<br>in a thrice-ploughed fallow field, soon enough<br>Zeus heard of it and utterly destroyed him<br>by throwing down his dazzling lightning bolt.<br>Now once again you gods are envious, <br>because a mortal man lives here with me.<br>I saved him when he was all by himself, <br>riding his ship’s keel—his swift ship was smashed<br>by a blow from Zeus’s flaming lightning,<br>while in the middle of the wine-dark sea,<br>where all his other brave companions died.<br>Wind and waves brought him here. This is a man<br>I cherished and looked after, and I said<br>I would make him ageless and immortal<br>for all days to come. But since there’s no way <br>another god can override the plans<br>of aegis-bearing Zeus or cancel them,<br>let him be off across the restless seas,<br>if Zeus has so commanded and decreed.<br>But I’ll have no part of escorting him <br>away from here—I have no ships with oars<br>nor any crew to take him on his way<br>across the broad back of the sea. But still,<br>I can make sincere suggestions to him<br>and keep nothing hidden, so he can reach <br>his native land and get back safe and sound.”）<br><br><br> （阿耳忒彌斯射死俄里翁） 在這段憤怒的言語反擊中，卡呂普索舉了兩個男神嫉妒女神的例子。第一個例子：阿波羅的孿生姐姐阿耳忒彌斯（Artemis）戀上了年輕英俊的獵人俄里翁（Orion），為了保住姐姐的貞潔，阿波羅對俄里翁起了殺意。有一次，阿波羅見到俄里翁在水中行走，水面上只浮出了他的頭頂。他就指著俄里翁的頭頂和阿耳忒彌斯打賭說，她一定無法射中漂在水面上的這個東西。阿耳忒彌斯不服氣，射出了萬無一失的致命一箭，命中了目標(biāo)。隨即波浪將俄里翁的尸體沖到了岸邊。阿耳忒彌斯發(fā)現(xiàn)后，悲痛欲絕，知道自己犯下了無法挽回的過失。為了贖罪，她把俄里翁安置到了天上，成為了獵戶座。第二個例子：宙斯的兒子伊阿西翁（Iasion ）與農(nóng)業(yè)女神得墨忒耳（宙斯的姐姐和妻子之一）在耕過三次的田地里性交，結(jié)果生出了財神普路托斯（Plutus，意為“財富”）。宙斯出于嫉妒用閃電將伊阿西翁劈死。<br><br><br> （農(nóng)業(yè)女神與伊阿西翁） 這里再給大家補(bǔ)充兩個知識點(diǎn)。詩文中的Ortygia（奧提伽島）是希臘一個著名的小島，荷馬史詩說到提洛的阿波羅時，說女神勒托停留在奧提伽島，先生下了阿耳忒彌斯，然后阿耳忒彌斯幫助勒托穿過海洋，到提洛島，勒托在那里生下了阿波羅?！秺W德賽》第11卷第572行，來到冥府的奧德修斯見到了俄里翁，“在他（米諾斯）之后，我見著了碩大的俄里翁，趕著他在荒僻的山上殺死的野獸，穿過水仙花平原，手握一根永遠(yuǎn)不會斷裂的青銅棍棒”。（And after him I marked huge Orion driving together over the field of asphodel wild beasts which he himself had slain on the lonely hills, and in his hands he held a club all of bronze, ever unbroken.）<br><br>《奧德賽》第五卷，卡呂普索在宙斯的命令下不得已放走了奧德修斯。她給奧德修斯提供工具和自己親手紡的布，奧德修斯只用五天時間就造成了小船，揚(yáng)帆離開了小島。他的精湛的造船工藝和獨(dú)自航海的能力都是令古希臘人佩服的。<br> （卡呂普索與奧德修斯） 值得一提的是，奧德修斯的性格比任何刻板的史詩英雄都復(fù)雜的多，而且現(xiàn)代讀者（特別是女性讀者）對史詩中明顯的男女雙重道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能感到強(qiáng)烈的不滿。奧德修斯的妻子佩內(nèi)洛普（Penelope）最大的價值體現(xiàn)在她的忠貞癡情，守身如玉苦等丈夫二十年，拒絕了所有的追求者。而奧德修斯在歸程中至少與兩位女神同居過，一位是卡呂普索，一位是瑟西，還分別同她們生了孩子。他的私生活并不檢點(diǎn)，卻被荷馬塑造成了英雄。這個故事如果發(fā)生在當(dāng)今社會，當(dāng)一個男人對妻子說：“我離家二十年，在外面睡了幾個女人，還有一堆私生子，可我最愛的還是你，最后戰(zhàn)勝各種情欲誘惑回到你和嫡子身邊”，妻子會原諒他嗎？<br><br>你認(rèn)為奧德修斯是個渣男嗎？<br>