<p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;"><b style="color:rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size:22px;">春節(jié)的起源</b></p><p class="ql-block"> 據(jù)史籍記載,春節(jié)在唐虞時叫“載”.夏代叫“歲”,商代叫“祀”,周代才叫“年”?!澳辍钡谋玖x指谷物生長周期,谷子一年一熱,所以春節(jié)一年一次,含有慶豐的寓意。</p><p class="ql-block"> 又傳,春節(jié)起源于原始社會末期的“臘祭”,當時每逢臘盡春來,先民便殺豬宰羊,祭祀神鬼與祖靈,祈求新的一年風(fēng)調(diào)雨順,免去災(zāi)禍。他們用朱砂涂臉,身披鳥羽,唱跳吃喝,熱鬧非凡。</p><p class="ql-block"> 但其中被普遍接受的說法是春節(jié)由虞舜時期興起。公元前2000多年的一天,舜即天子位,帶領(lǐng)著部下人員,祭拜天地。從此,人們就把這一天當作歲首。據(jù)說這就是農(nóng)歷新年的由來,后來叫春節(jié)。</p><p class="ql-block"> 在不同時代,春節(jié)的名稱也有不同。在先秦時叫“上日”、“元日”、“改歲”、“獻歲”等;到了兩漢時期,又被叫為“三朝”、“歲旦”、“正旦”、“正日”;魏晉南北朝時稱為“元辰”、“元日”、“元首”、“歲朝”等;到了唐宋元明,則稱為“元旦”、“元”、“歲日”、“新正”、“新元”等;而清代,一直叫“元旦”或“元日”。</p><p class="ql-block"> 把農(nóng)歷新年正式定名為春節(jié),是辛亥革命后的事。中華民國北洋政府時期,由于那時要改用陽歷,為了區(qū)分農(nóng)、陽兩節(jié),袁世凱將元旦定義為西歷01月01日,將農(nóng)歷正月初一改名為春節(jié)。</p><p class="ql-block"> 中國人過春節(jié)已有4000多年的歷史。人們把農(nóng)歷正月初一開始為春節(jié),一般至少要到正月十五(上元節(jié))新年才算結(jié)束。</p><p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;"><b style="font-size:22px;"> 春節(jié)的習(xí)俗</b></p><p class="ql-block">臘月三十</p><p class="ql-block"> 除夕:“除夕”中的“除”字是“去;易;交替”的意思,除夕的意思是“月窮歲盡”,人們都要除舊迎新,有舊歲至此而除,來年另換新歲。故此期間的活動都圍繞著除舊迎新,消災(zāi)祈福為中心。</p><p class="ql-block"> 貼門神:最初的門神是刻桃木為人形,掛在人的旁邊,后來是畫成門神人像張貼于門?,F(xiàn)在人們常把一對門神畫成一文一武, 寄托了勞動人民一種辟邪除災(zāi)、迎祥納福的美好愿望。</p><p class="ql-block"> 貼春聯(lián):春聯(lián)亦名“門對”、“對聯(lián)”、“桃符”等,是對聯(lián)的一種,因在春節(jié)時張貼,而得名。</p><p class="ql-block"> 貼年畫:春節(jié)掛貼年畫在城鄉(xiāng)也很普遍,濃黑重彩的年畫給千家萬戶平添了許多興旺歡樂的喜慶氣氛。民國初年,上海鄭曼陀將月歷和年畫二者結(jié)合起來。這是年畫的一種新形式。這種合二而一的年畫,以后發(fā)展成掛歷,至今風(fēng)靡全國。</p><p class="ql-block"> 吃年夜飯、守歲:中國民間在除夕有守歲的習(xí)慣,俗名“熬年”。守歲從吃年夜飯開始,這頓年夜飯要慢慢地吃,從掌燈時分入席,有的人家一直要吃到深夜,大家終夜不眠,以待天明,稱曰“守歲”。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初一:雞日</p><p class="ql-block"> 早起:有的人認為,如果不早起,田坎就會塌。所以要早起。</p><p class="ql-block">開門炮仗:春節(jié)早晨,開門大吉,先放爆竹,叫做“開門炮仗”。爆竹聲后,碎紅滿地,燦若云錦,稱為“滿堂紅”。這時滿街瑞氣,喜氣洋洋。</p><p class="ql-block"> 拜年:春節(jié)里的一項重要活動,是到親朋好友家和鄰居那里祝賀新春,舊稱拜年。</p><p class="ql-block"> 給壓歲錢:壓歲錢由長輩發(fā)給晚輩,并勉勵兒孫在新的一年里學(xué)習(xí)長進,好好做人。</p><p class="ql-block"> 占歲:舊時民間以進入新正初幾日的天氣陰晴來占本年年成。如果當日晴朗,則所主之物繁育,當日陰,所主之日不昌。</p><p class="ql-block"> 貼畫雞:古時春節(jié)在門窗上畫雞來驅(qū)鬼怪邪氣。中國古代特別重視雞,稱它為“五德之禽”。所以人們不但在過年時剪雞,而且也把新年首日定為雞日。</p><p class="ql-block"> 聚財:俗傳正月初一為掃帚生日,這一天不能動用掃帚,否則會掃走運氣、破財,而把“掃帚星”引來,招致霉運。</p><p class="ql-block"> 團圓飯:一年一次的團圓飯充分的表現(xiàn)出中華民族家庭成員的互敬互愛,這種互敬互愛使一家人之間的關(guān)系更為緊密。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初二:狗日</p><p class="ql-block"> 祭財神(開齋日):這天無論是商貿(mào)店鋪,還是普通家庭,都要舉行祭財神活動。各家把除夕夜接來的財神祭祀一番。這天中午要吃餛飩,俗稱“元寶湯”</p><p class="ql-block"> 迎婿日:出嫁的女兒要攜夫婿及子女回家過年。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初三:豬日</p><p class="ql-block"> 正月初三是女媧造豬的日子,故稱“豬日”,在這一天里,人們習(xí)慣不殺豬。傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗要燒門神紙。</p><p class="ql-block"> 民間以為正月初三為谷子生日,這一天祝祭祈年,且禁食米飯。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初四:羊日</p><p class="ql-block"> 正月初四是女媧造羊的日子,故稱“羊日”。在這一天里,人們不能殺羊,羊日是漢族民間迎神的日子。大年初四這一天全家在一起吃折羅,所謂折羅,就是把幾天剩下的飯菜合在一起的大雜燴,打掃年貨。清掃室內(nèi),把垃圾收集堆到一處,這也是漢族民俗中說的“扔窮”。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初五:牛日</p><p class="ql-block"> 牛日俗稱破五。民俗一說破五前諸多禁忌過此日皆可破。一說破五這一天不宜做事,否則到來的這一年里遇事破敗。破五習(xí)俗除了以上禁忌外,主要是送窮,迎財神,開市貿(mào)易。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初六:馬日</p><p class="ql-block"> 農(nóng)歷正月初六又稱馬日,在這一天要送窮,送走舊日貧窮困苦,迎接新一年的美好生活。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初七:人日</p><p class="ql-block"> 人日亦稱“人勝節(jié)”、“人慶節(jié)”、“人口日”、“人七日”等。傳說女媧初創(chuàng)世,在造出了雞狗豬牛馬等動物后,于第七天造出了人,所以這一天是人類的生日。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初八:谷日</p><p class="ql-block"> 谷日:傳說初八是谷子的生日。這天天氣晴朗,則主這一天稻谷豐收,天陰則年歉。</p><p class="ql-block"> 順星:民間以正月初八為眾星下界之日,制小燈燃而祭之,稱為順星,也稱“祭星”、“接星”。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初九:天日</p><p class="ql-block"> 天日:正月初九是天日,俗稱”天公生“,傳說此日為玉皇大帝生日。主要習(xí)俗有祭玉皇、道觀齋天等。</p><p class="ql-block">正月初十:石頭生日</p><p class="ql-block"> 石不動:這一天凡磨、碾等石制工具都不能動,甚至設(shè)祭享祀石頭,恐傷莊稼。</p><p class="ql-block"> 賀老鼠嫁女:舊時民間俗信。在正月舉行的祀鼠活動,亦稱“老鼠嫁女”“老鼠娶親”。</p><p class="ql-block">正月十一:子婿日</p><p class="ql-block"> 民歌中有“十一請子婿”的說法,即正月十一是’‘子婿日“,岳父們在這一天宴請子婿。</p><p class="ql-block">正月十二:</p><p class="ql-block"> 搭燈棚:從即日起人們開始準備慶祝元宵佳節(jié),選購燈籠,搭蓋燈棚。有童謠云:“十一嚷喳喳,十二搭燈棚,十三人開燈,十四燈正明,十五行月半,十六人完燈?!?lt;/p><p class="ql-block">正月十五:元宵節(jié)</p><p class="ql-block"> 元宵節(jié)中國主要的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,也叫元夕、元夜,又稱上元節(jié),因為這是新年第一個月圓夜。因歷代這一節(jié)日有觀燈習(xí)俗,故又稱燈節(jié)。主要活動有:燈會、吃元宵、演社火。</p> <p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;"><b style="font-size:22px;">History of Spring Festival</b></p><p class="ql-block">The Spring Festival, also known as the Chinese New Year, is the most important traditional festival in China, which falls in late January or early February.</p><p class="ql-block">The historical reason for beginning the new year in such a time is that it is the time between autumn harvest and spring plowing and planning. In another word, it is the time for rest, relaxation and celebration after a year’s toil. Except this practical reason for celebrating the Spring Festival, a popular Chinese legend offers another explanation, which is affectedly known in China. In ancient time, a mythological demon called” Nian” that lived under the sea would plague people once a year on the eve of the new year. It jumped out from the sea, attacked villages, devouring people, animals and plants. Could no longer bear Nian’s brutal persecution, the villagers gathered to discuss how to deal with” Nian” and some people suggested that the demon was afraid of loud noises, red color and flame. So people lighted firecrackers, put on red couplets on their gates, lit firework and beat gongs and drums to drive Nian away. The idea worked and Nian ran away. Since ever, the custom and tradition of celebrating the Spring Festival born and the practice of putting red couplets on gates, setting off firecrackers, etc. have been passed down.</p><p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;"><b style="font-size:22px;">Spring Festival Customs</b></p><p class="ql-block">Spring Festival is a time for celebrating with family and friends. No matter wherever, how busy they are, the Chinese will squeeze into the roads going home to spend the festival season with their family members. Traditionally, the Chinese celebrate the Spring Festival in the following ways:</p><p class="ql-block">Spring Cleaning: From December 23rd in the Chinese calendar, people begin to clean their houses to bid farewell to the old year and usher in a happy and fresh new year.</p><p class="ql-block">Spring Decorating: People hang flower-decorated red lanterns in front of their houses. Office buildings and stores are also decorated with red lanterns. Red couplets-red posters with black Chinese calligraphy, colored New Year paintings are posted on the doors of people’s houses. They symbolize happiness, prosperity and good luck in the New Year.</p> <p class="ql-block">迎新年prepare for the Spring Festival</p> <p class="ql-block">看煙花表演watch fireworks</p> <p class="ql-block">寫福字 write Fu characters</p> <p class="ql-block">貼福字 paste Fu characters</p> <p class="ql-block">掛吉祥物 decorate the house</p> <p class="ql-block">貼窗花 paste paper-cutting</p> <p class="ql-block">貼對聯(lián) paste couplets</p> <p class="ql-block">包餃子 make dumplings</p> <p class="ql-block">除夕夜吃團圓飯 enjoy reunion dinner with family on New Year's Eve</p> <p class="ql-block">放鞭炮 set off firecrackers</p> <p class="ql-block">拜年 pay a New Year call</p><p class="ql-block">得壓歲錢 receive red packets</p> <p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;"><b style="font-size:22px;">感受家鄉(xiāng)節(jié)日氣氛</b></p> <p class="ql-block">燈展 lantern shows</p> <p class="ql-block">舞獅 lion dance</p> <p class="ql-block">新春廟會 fair</p> <p class="ql-block">吐火 fire-spitting performance</p> <p class="ql-block">高蹺 stilts</p> <p class="ql-block">打鐵花 molten iron shows</p> <p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;"><b style="font-size:22px;">春聯(lián)習(xí)俗</b></p><p class="ql-block" style="text-align:center;"><b style="font-size:22px;"> History of Spring Festival Couplets</b></p> <p class="ql-block">Spring Festival couplets are called Chunlian in Chinese. An early form of Spring Festival couplets is Taofu which refers to peachwood charms against evil, hung on the two sides of the gate on Chinese New Year's Eve. On two pieces of mahogany, the drawings or names of Gate Gods are carved or painted. In ancient times, Chinese people believed that peach wood could ward off evil.</p><p class="ql-block">In the Song dynasty, writing antithetical couplets for the Spring Festival occasion had become a fashion of the Nobles. By then, red paperand other material were beginning to be employed to write the couplets.</p> <p class="ql-block">桃符 peach characters</p> <p class="ql-block"> 桃符,是歷史悠久的漢族民俗文化。古人在辭舊迎新之際,用桃木板分別寫上“神荼”、“郁壘”二神的名字,或者用紙畫上二神的圖像,懸掛、嵌綴或者張貼于門首,意在祈福滅禍,據(jù)說桃木有壓邪驅(qū)鬼的作用。這就是最早的桃符。</p> <p class="ql-block">門神 gate gods</p> <p class="ql-block">對聯(lián) couplets</p> <p class="ql-block"> 春聯(lián),又稱“春貼”、“門對”、“對聯(lián)”,是過年時所貼的紅色喜慶元素“年紅”中一個種類。它以對仗工整、簡潔精巧的文字描繪美好形象,抒發(fā)美好愿望,是中國特有的文學(xué)形式,是華人們過年的重要習(xí)俗。當人們在自己的家門口貼年紅(春聯(lián)、福字、窗花等)的時候,意味著過春節(jié)正式拉開序幕。</p><p class="ql-block"> 每逢春節(jié),無論城市還是農(nóng)村,家家戶戶都要挑漂亮的紅春聯(lián)貼于門上,辭舊迎新,增加喜慶的節(jié)日氣氛。春聯(lián)的另一來源是春貼,古人在立春日多貼“宜春”二字,后漸漸發(fā)展為春聯(lián),表達了中國勞動人民一種辟邪除災(zāi)、迎祥納福的美好愿望。</p> <p class="ql-block"> 春聯(lián)的英語是Spring Festival couplets; New Year scrolls;也有直接叫Chinese Couplets,Spring Couplets,Chinese New Year Couplets等等。選擇自己喜歡的記憶即可,關(guān)于春聯(lián)的知識你知多少,不妨來測測吧。</p><p class="ql-block">① 貼春聯(lián):Paste spring festival couplets</p><p class="ql-block">(其他的貼“福”字,窗花等等,都可以用paste表達哦。)</p><p class="ql-block">② 上聯(lián)/下聯(lián):first line/second line</p><p class="ql-block">當然,也可以稱作upper scroll/lower scroll(scroll表示卷筒,春聯(lián)沒有展開之前就是卷成紙卷的呀。)通常上下聯(lián)都比較押韻(They are rhyming。)</p><p class="ql-block">③ 橫批:春聯(lián)頂上的4個字(four characters)</p><p class="ql-block">我們英語叫horizontal scroll,horizontal表示水平的哦,那跟他相對的垂直的我們可以說vertical喲。所以豎聯(lián)(上聯(lián)下聯(lián))可以統(tǒng)稱為vertical scroll啦。)</p><p class="ql-block">④ 春聯(lián)組成</p><p class="ql-block">對于上下聯(lián)要有對稱結(jié)構(gòu)(parallel structures),而橫批是兩個豎聯(lián)意思的總結(jié)與點睛之筆,通常是四字組合啦。(The horizontal scroll sums up the two lines ‘meaning, and it is usually a four-character phrase.)</p><p class="ql-block">⑤ 張貼時間</p><p class="ql-block">通常來講,春聯(lián)最好是年29(the 29th of lunar December,注意我們的陰歷就是用lunar表示,比如說大年初一可以說the 1st of lunar January)那天張貼,時間選擇下午一點到三點哦。</p><p class="ql-block">Paper scrolls are normally put on both sides of the doorway.</p><p class="ql-block">春聯(lián)一般貼在門的兩邊。</p><p class="ql-block">There are certain strict rules to mirror the words, like if there is a character on the left-hand side that says, sky,for example.</p><p class="ql-block">詞的對仗有很嚴格的規(guī)定,如果左聯(lián)上有一字,比如“天”。</p><p class="ql-block">there should be won on the right-hand side saying ground, and if there is rain, is wind,if there is red,there is green.</p><p class="ql-block">右聯(lián)就必須有個“地”,“雨”對“風(fēng)”,“紅”對“綠”。</p><p class="ql-block">So it is kind of a thing that brings good blessing and good wishes for the New Year.</p><p class="ql-block">因此是語意萬千希望新年帶來祝福和好運。</p> <p class="ql-block"> 《元日》 王安石</p><p class="ql-block"> 爆竹聲中一歲除,東風(fēng)送暖入屠蘇。</p><p class="ql-block"> 千門萬戶曈曈日,爭插新桃換舊符。</p><p class="ql-block">New Year's Day</p><p class="ql-block">Wang Anshi</p><p class="ql-block">Amid the boom of firecrackers a year has come to an end,</p><p class="ql-block">And the spring wind has wafted warm breath to the wine.</p><p class="ql-block">While the rising sun shines over each and every household,</p><p class="ql-block">People would put up new peachwood charm for the old.</p> <p class="ql-block">創(chuàng)培2022級學(xué)子給大家拜年了!</p><p class="ql-block">Wish you all the best in the Year of the Rabbit.</p>